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The ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben'' (''LIV'', ''"Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs"'') is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verb. The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix. A second edition followed in 2001. The book may be seen as an update to the verb entries of the ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (''IEW'') by Julius Pokorny. It was the first dictionary fully utilizing the modern three-laryngeal theory with reconstructions of Indo-European verbal roots. == The ''LIVs hypothesis about aspect == The authors of the ''LIV'' assume a dichotomy between ''telic'' verbs (terminated: for example, 'to light up') and ''atelic'' verbs (ongoing: for example, 'to shine') in early stages of Proto-Indo-European. Before the daughter languages split off, ''aspect'' emerged as a new grammatical category. Telic verbs were interpreted as aorist forms, and the missing present was formed with various suffixes (for example, ) and the nasal infix (), all of which are supposed to come from old grammatical forms of uncertain meaning. Atelic verbs were interpreted as present forms, and the missing aorist was formed with the suffix ''-s-'', yielding the sigmatic aorist. This hypothesis is used to explain various phenomena: *Some verbs in Indo-European languages form root presents (Latin ラテン語:''dūcō'' 'I pull, I lead', from PIE ) and derived sigmatic aorists (perfect forms in Latin: ラテン語:''dūxī'' 'I have pulled, I have led', pronounced ''dūksī'', from ). *Other verbs form root aorists (Latin ラテン語:''vīcī'' 'I have won', pronounced ''vīkī'', from ) and derived present forms (ラテン語:''vincō'' 'I win', from , with nasal infix). *For many PIE verbs, various present forms can be reconstructed without discernible differences in meaning (like and above, both forms have attested reflexes in IE languages: Greek 'I shine' and Proto-Celtic 'to shine, burn' > Scottish Gaelic 'to burn', respectively). In addition to the present and the aorist, the following aspects are assumed: *Perfect *Causative-Iterative *Desiderative *Intensive (repetition) *Fientive (onset of a new state) *Essive (persistent state) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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